几种红豆杉的简介 (转贴馆藏精品专题)

几种红豆杉的简介  (转贴馆藏精品专题)
Several species of Taxus L.



    Taxus L. is a problematic genus, not only its species are discouragingly similar, but also its family circumscription are still doubtful. The species of Genus Taxus are more geographically than morphologically separable. Detailed study of the genus, including the cultivated representatives is much needed.
    红豆杉种属的问题，不但它的种类惊人地相似，而且其科的界限也非常模糊。通常都是通过地理差别而不是传统形态的差别进行分类。对本属，包括具有代表性的人工栽培种，进行详细的研究是非常必要的。
    Generally, the characters of Genus Taxus are: Evergreen trees or shrubs,branchlets irregularly alternate. Leaves linear, spirally arranged,
2-ranked, more or less retorted basically or irregularly overlap each other, straight or falcate, adaxial surface with raised midvein, abaxial surface with 2 grayish blue, or pale yellow stomatal bands, resin canal absent. Dioecious monoecious, reproductive structures axillary, solitary. Pollen cones pedicellate, globose, with overlapping bracts at base; microsporophylls 6-14, shield-shaped, each with 4-9 radially arranged pollen sacs. Seed-bearing structures subsessile, with several overlapping bracts basically. Ovule erected, entrusted with disc-like embryophore. After fertilization, embryophore developed into fleshy, cup-like and red aril. Seed nutlike, oval like with apex exposed, grow within the succulent, cup-like aril.
    通常，红豆杉树是常绿乔木或灌木，小枝不规则互生。叶条形，螺旋状着生，基部多少扭转排成2列或彼此重叠的不规则2列，直或镰状，上面中脉隆起，下面有两条灰绿色或淡黄色的气孔带，叶柄无树脂道。雌雄异株，球花单生于叶腋，有短柄；雄球花圆球形，基部覆瓦状排列的苞片，雄蕊6-14枚，盾状，花药4-9丝，辐射状排列；雌球花几乎无柄，基部有多数覆瓦状排列的苞片，胚珠直立，基部托以圆盘状的珠托，受精后珠托发育成肉质、杯状、红色的假种皮。种子坚果状，卵圆形或长圆形，顶端凸尖，生于杯状肉质的假种皮中。
    The wood of yew is hard and durable, resistant to rotten and used in building, bridge construction, furniture manufacture, musical instrument, and as a carving material. The bark, foliage and seed contain taxol and its semi-synthetic precursors. The heartwood yields a red dye. Seed can be used for oil extraction. Its beautiful tree figure and fleshy red aril make it perfect for a gardening plant.
    红豆杉的木头非常坚硬耐用，抗腐烂能力很强，经常应用于房屋、桥梁建设，在家具、乐器制造、雕塑等方面也是很好的材料。其枝叶、树皮和种子中都含有紫杉醇及其化学半合成前体；其心材可生产一种红色的颜料，种子可用来榨油。它优美的树形、鲜艳的红色假种皮使其非常适合于园艺。
    There are about nine species in this genus, mainly distributed in north hemisphere. In China there are three species and two varieties. But this record is based on a certain concept of taxonomy. Actually, the total number of distinct species of Taxus occurring in China and their system is quite controversial and in need of further study.
    本属约9种，主要分布于北半球。我国有3种2变种。但这种记录仅是基于一定的分类概念，实际上在中国有所分布的种及其它们的系统仍有很大争议，需要进一步地深入研究。
   

Taxus cuspidata(Dongbei or Japanese Yew):
东北红豆杉



    Evergreen tree. Leaves slightly falcate, fairly dense, midvein not papillate abaxially, base asymmetric; seed ovoid or trigonous-ovoid, distal part with 3 or 4 or more obtuse ridges; hilum usually triangular or quadrangular. Aril rusty and polish when ripe.

    东北红豆杉（Taxus cuspidata）是常绿乔木。叶微镰状，较密，中脉隆起，基部两侧近对称；种子卵圆形或三棱卵圆形，上部具3-4或更多钝脊，种脐通常三角形或四方形；假种皮红色，熟时有光泽。

    Acid soils in cold, humid places; growing in the forest of 500-1000 m. Distributed in southeast Heilongjiang, east Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi of China and Japan, Korea, east Russia (Kurile Islands, Primorye, Sakhalin).

    散生于海拔500-1000米林中，适合冷且潮湿的酸性土壤。分布于黑龙江东南部、吉林东部及辽宁。朝鲜、俄罗斯远东地区及日本也有分布。  


Taxus wallichiana (Yunnan Yew):
云南红豆杉
    Leafy branchlets irregularly alternate, flat in living state. Leaf apex gradually acuminate or abruptly tapered and indistinctly mucronate; winter bud scales early deciduous or some persistent at base of branch. Leaves linear to lanceolate, thin and soft, gradually tapered end of branch.
    云南红豆杉（Taxus wallichiana）叶着生的小枝条不规则互生，生长的状态下扁平。叶顶端缓尖或急尖并且尖端模糊；冬天芽鳞片提早脱落或有一些仍残留在枝条的基部。叶线形或披针形，薄而且软，在枝条的末端缓尖。
    Growing within broad-leaved and mixed forests, often among bamboos, often beside streams; about 2000-3500 m high. Distributed in southwest Sichuan, southeast Xizang, west Yunnan, Bhutan, north India.
    生长于阔叶林和混交林中，经常生于竹林中，经常在溪流旁，海拔高度在2000-3500米之间。分布于四川西南部，西藏东南部，云南西部，在不丹和印度北部也有分布。

Taxus media(Media Yew):
曼地亚红豆杉
    Taxus baccata Linnaeus and Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini and the first choice for taxol extraction which approved by FDA.Nowadays it is common in cultivation. The taxol content of its 4-5 year-old needle is equivalent to the bark of 70-80-year-old natural yew. Media yew also can adapt to various environments and its developed root system and strong germination ability of lateral bud make itself especially suitable for the forestation of medicine.
    据称曼地亚红豆杉（Taxus media）是欧洲短叶红豆杉（Taxus baccata Linnaeus）与东北红豆杉（Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini）的杂交种, 而且是美国食品与药物管理局推荐用于提取紫杉醇首选品种，现在已被广泛栽培。4-5年生曼地亚红豆杉枝条与70-80年树龄的野生红豆杉树皮中紫杉醇的含量相当。曼地亚红豆杉能适应于各种各样的环境，并且它发达的根系和侧芽较强的萌发能力使得它尤其适于营建药用林。

Taxus wallichiana var. maiei (Mairei Yew):
美丽红豆杉



    Leaves thick textured, about 2-3.5 cm long and 2.5-4 mm thick, midvein has different color to stomatal band, not papillate, or with papillae scattered on midvein or in 1-several lateral rows adjacent to stomatal band, margin revolute in living state.
    美丽红豆杉（Taxus wallichiana var.）叶质地较厚，约2-3.5厘米长，2.5-4毫米厚，中脉与气孔带颜色不同,无乳头状突起或乳突散布在中脉上或在气孔带邻近的一条或几条侧线上，生长状态边缘外翻。
    Growing within coniferous and mixed forests, thickets, deforested rocks, open slopes. About 100-3500 m high, but usually at lower elevations than var. chinensis, especially in the east, typically below 1200 m, ascending to over 3000 m in Sichuan and Yunnan. Distributed in south Anhui, Fujian, south Gansu, north Guangdong, north Guangxi, Guizhou, west Henan, west Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, south Shaanxi, Sichuan, Taiwan, east Yunnan, Zhejiang. Also distributed in north India, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam.
    生长于海拔100-3500米的针叶林、混交林、灌丛中，无树林的岩石、空旷的斜坡上。一般比中国红豆杉的海拔低，尤其是在东方海拔低于 1200米，四川、云南海拔低于3000的地方。分布于安徽南部、福建、甘肃南部、广东北部、广西北部、贵州、河南西部、湖北西部、湖南、江西、陕西南部、四川、台湾、云南东部和浙江。在印度北部、老挝、缅甸和越南也有分布。  

Taxus wallichiana var. chinesis (Chinese Yew):
中国红豆杉



     Leaves thick textured, usually 1.5-2.2 cm long and 3mm thick, midvein has the same color of stomatal band, densely and evenly papillate, margin flat in living state.
    中国红豆杉（Taxus wallichianavar.）叶子质地较厚，一般有15-22厘米长，3毫米厚，中脉与气孔带具有同样的颜色，乳头状突起致密而且均匀，在生长状态下边缘扁平。
    Growing in forests, often among bamboos and frequently beside streams; about 1100-2500m. high. Distributed in Huang Shan of south Anhui, Fujian, south Gansu, north Guangxi, southeast and west Guizhou, west Hubei, northeast Hunan, south Shaanxi, Sichuan, east Yunnan, Zhejiang; cultivated in Lu Shan of Jiangxi and north Vietnam.
    生于林中，经常在溪流旁与竹林丛生，海拔1100-2500米。分布于安徽南部的黄山，福建，甘肃南部，广西北部，贵州的西部和东南部，湖北西部，湖南东北部，陕西南部，四川，云南东部，浙江；在江西庐山和越南北部也有栽培。
    Chinese Yew and Mairei Yew can be easily differentiated from Yunnan Yew through the texture of its leaf. The leaves of the former two are textured thick, while the third, thin and soft.
    中国红豆杉和美丽红豆杉可以通过叶子的质地与云南红豆杉区分开。前两种红豆杉的叶子质地较厚而云南红豆杉的叶子薄而柔软。  
Taxus fauna (Himalayan Yew):
喜马拉雅红豆杉



    Leaves usually straight, midvein densely and evenly papillate abaxially, base usually symmetric; seed columnar-oblong, equally wide throughout length, obtusely ridged on 2 sides distally; hilum elliptic.
喜马拉雅红豆杉（Taxus fauna）的叶子一般较直，中脉离轴均匀、密集地分布着乳突，基部一般对称；种子长柱状，通长等宽，两端钝脊，核椭圆形。
    Growing in mixed forests and pinus forests, usually in shade; about 2500-3400 m descending to 1800 m in other parts of range of species. Distributed in Jilong Xian of southeast Xizang and north India, Kashmir, Nepal, Pakistan. It is an endangered species in China.
    一般生长在阴坡的混交林和马尾松林中，海拔约2500-3400米，在一些海拔将至米的地方也有分布。分布于西藏东南部的吉隆县、印度北部、克什米尔、尼泊尔和巴基斯坦。这是中国的一个濒危种属。
太平洋红豆杉




小灌丛或矮树，15(－25)m，雌雄异体，主干高6(－12)dm，直立或弯曲，具有凹槽，树冠呈倒圆锥形。树皮附有鳞片。鳞片外部呈淡紫色至紫褐色，内部呈淡红色至紫红色。枝条水平排列或下垂。叶片长1-2.9cm，宽1－3mm，淡绿色，螺旋状排列，表皮气孔带有乳突，亮黄绿色，叶子表皮细胞从横截面看大多比宽高。种子具2－4棱角，5－6.5mm。
种子在晚夏-早秋成熟。生长于茂密的森林，小溪边，平坦湿地，斜坡，深谷和峡谷。0-2200m。喜马拉雅红豆杉的叶子常常弯镰状，它的木头轻而坚固，但是容易被加工，这使它大受木工的欢迎，他们常用它来做新奇的工艺。因为这个，大棵的树常被乱砍伐，在一些地区，这一种红豆杉已经消失。对这一种红豆杉在医药方面的开发，也已经威胁到了它的生存。

Pacific Yew:

Shrubs or small trees to 15(－25)m, dioecious; trunk to 6(－12)dm diam., straight to contorted,fluted; crown open-conical. Bark scaly, outer scales purplish to purplish brown, inner ones reddish to reddish purple. Branches horizontal to drooping. Leaves 1-2.9cm × 1－3mm, pale green abaxially, cuticular papillae present along stomatal bands,shiny yellow-green adaxially, epidermal cells as viewed in cross section of leaf mostly taller than wide. Seed oviod, 2-4-angled, 5-6.5mm.
Seeds maturing late summer-fall. Open to dense forests, along streams, moist flats, slopes, deep ravines, and coves; 0-2200 m. The leaves are usually somewhat falcate. The wood is hard and durable, yet easily worked, making it popular for construction of novelty items by local woodworkers. Because of this, large trees are unscrupulously poached; in some areas the species has been nearly extirpated. Exploitation of the species for medicinal purposes is further threatening it.
北美红豆杉





2米高灌木，雌雄同体，较矮，通常有分枝且层叠。树皮淡红色，极薄。枝条分散向上。树叶长1-2.5cm，宽1-2.4mm，淡绿色，沿气孔大部分缺少表面乳突，从暗绿色到黄绿色，叶子表皮细胞从横截面看比高或±等径要宽。种子有些扁平，4－5mm。x＝12

American Yew (Taxus media):

Shrubs to 2 m, usually monoecious, low, diffusely branched, straggling, spreading to prostrate. Bark reddish, very thin. Branches spreading and ascending. Leaves 1-2.5cm×1-2.4mm, pale green abaxiallym, mostly without cuticular papillae along stomatal bands,dark green to yellow-green adaxially, epidermal cells as viewed in cross section of leaf wider than tall or ± isodiametric. Seed somewhat flattened, 4-5mm. x = 12.
Seeds maturing late summer-early fall. Understory shrub in rich forests (deciduous, mixed, or coniferous ), bogs, swamps, gorges, ravine slopes, and rocky banks; 0-1500 m. It is the alleged hybrid between Taxus baccata Linnaeus and Taxus cuspidata Siebold & Zuccarini and the first choice for taxol extraction which approved by FDA and common in cultivation nowadays. The taxol content of its 4-5 year-old needle is equivalent to the content of 70-80-year-old bark of natural yew. As a shrub, media yew also can adapt to various environments. And its developed root system and strong germination ability of lateral bud make itself especially suitable for the forestation of medicine.